Frequency of maternal stress and psychic risk in newborns who have been hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit / Frequência de estresse materno e de risco psíquico em recém-nascidos que foram hospitalizados em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal

Abstract Objectives: describe the frequency of maternal stress and psychic risk indicators in newborns who were exposed to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) after hospital discharge. Methods: observational, analytical, cohort study, sample of 26 participants (13 exposed and 13 not exposed to the NICU). Maternal stress was assessed by Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL) (Lipp's Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults) and psychological risk by Indicadores Clínicos de Risco para o Desenvolvimento Infantil (IRDI) (Clinical Risk Indicators for Child Development), 15 days after hospital discharge and at 4 months of corrected age. Results: the study found a frequency of stress of 23.1% in mothers of newborns who were exposed to NICUs and 38.5% of psychological risk in these newborns. The following associations were found: maternal stress and newborn exposure to the NICU (p=0.037); maternal stress and newborn exposure time to NICU (p=0.031); psychological risk and prematurity (p=0.014). There were no association between psychic risk and maternal stress; and there was no diference in the frequency of psychological risk between the groups of newborns. Conclusions: newborn hospitalization in the NICU is associated with maternal stress, but not with psychological risk. Prematurity can cause psychological risk. Maternal stress was not associated with psychological risk.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever a frequência de estresse materno e indicadores de risco psíquico em recém-nascidos que foram expostos à unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN). Métodos: estudo observacional, analítico, coorte, amostra de 26 participantes (13 expostos e 13 não expostos a UTIN). O estresse materno foi avaliado pelo Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp e o risco psíquico pelo IRDI (Indicadores Clínicos de Risco para o Desenvolvimento Infantil), 15 dias após a alta hospitalar e aos quatro meses de idade corrigida. Resultados: o estudo encontrou frequência de estresse de 23,1% nas mães de RN que foram expostos a UTIN e 38,5% de risco psíquico nestes bebês. Encontrou as seguintes associações: estresse materno e exposição do RN à UTIN (p=0,037); estresse materno e tempo de exposição do RN à UTIN (p=0,031); risco psíquico e prematuridade (p=0,014). Não encontrou associação entre risco psíquico e estresse materno; e não encontrou diferença na frequência de risco psíquico entre os grupos de RN. Conclusões: a internação do RN em UTIN está associada a estresse materno, mas não a risco psíquico. A prematuridade pode causar risco psíquico. O estresse materno não apresentou associação com risco psíquico.

Elos Program's Efficacy Evaluation in School Management of Child Behavior: A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial / Avaliação da Eficácia do Programa Elos no Manejo Escolar do Comportamento Infantil: Um Ensaio Controlado Não Randomizado

Abstract The Elos Program resulted from a Brazilian cultural adaptation of the Good Behavior Game, a preventive strategy for classroom management to reduce aggressive and disruptive behaviors. The goal is to discuss the Elos Program's efficacy during its implementation in 16 elementary Brazilian public schools in two cities in 2016. The design was a non-randomized controlled trial with 80 classes in each group, experimental and control, involving 1,731 students. The study used the Generalized Estimating Equation model to verify the program's effect. Elos seemed to be effective in reducing aggressiveness and disruptive behavior in boys. These results are aligned with others GBG international studies and suggest that, after a randomized trial, the program would be ready to be disseminated in Brazil.

Resumo O Programa Elos é resultante da adaptação cultural brasileira do Good Behavior Game (GBG), uma estratégia preventiva para a gestão de sala de aula, visando diminuir comportamentos agressivos e disruptivos. O objetivo foi discutir a eficácia do Elos em sua implementação, em 16 escolas públicas de ensino fundamental, em duas cidades brasileiras, em 2016. Delineado como ensaio clínico controlado não randomizado, com 1.731 estudantes, em 80 turmas divididas entre experimental e controle, utilizou-se Generalized Estimating Equation para verificar o efeito do programa. Houve indicações da eficácia do Elos na redução da agressividade em meninos. Esses resultados estão alinhados com outros estudos internacionais do GBG e sugerem que, após um estudo randomizado, o programa estaria pronto para sua disseminação no Brasil.

Psychometric properties of a Brazilian adaptation of the Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation-Revised Scale for Children's Behavior / Propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación de la escala Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation-Revised (TOCA-R) para evaluar el comportamiento infantil en Brasil

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the process of psychometric analysis of the Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation- Revised Scale (TOCA-R) for its use in Brazilian schools and to evaluate its validity and reliability. To evaluate the "Elos Program", which is the Brazilian culturally adapted version of the North American Program "Good Behavior Game", the TOCA-R was used. The researchers adapted the instrument in 2014, consisting of 33 items in a three-point ordinal response scale. A longitudinal quasi-experimental design with a single group was used. Participants were children aged 6 to 10 years evaluated by their teachers, before (n = 1448) and after (n = 673) the implementation of the Elos Program in 2014. The study involved initially four schools, 68 classes and their respective teachers. The analytical procedures were exploratory factorial analysis, confirmatory factorial analysis, longitudinal invariance analysis and reliability analysis by precision coefficients. The results of the exploratory factorial analysis showed an acceptable adjustment of five factors with 25 items, with a total explained variance of 60% and mean residual error of 0.02. The confirmatory factorial analysis expressed a satisfactory fit of the model (χ2 = 961, df = 265, RMSEA = .078, 95% IC [.07, .08], and CFI = 0.9). A configurational, metric and scalar invariance of latent structure was identified, which, together with the amplitude of variation of the precision coefficients between the instrument dimensions (α = .78, .92; ω = .76, .92), demonstrate evidence of validity and reliability for using the TOCA-R in evaluating the Elos Program in Brazilian schools.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar el análisis psicométrico de la escala Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation-Revised (TOCA-R) para su uso en escuelas brasileñas, y evaluar su validez y confiabilidad. Esta escala ha sido utilizada para evaluar el "Programa Elos", que es la versión brasileña culturalmente adaptada del programa norteamericano "Good Behavior Game". El instrumento fue adaptado por los investigadores en 2014 y está compuesto por 33 ítems con una escala de respuesta ordinal de tres puntos. En este estudio, se utilizó un diseño longitudinal cuasiexperimental de grupo único con los niños de 6 a 10 años, evaluados por sus maestros antes (n = 1448) y después (n = 673) de la implementación del Programa Elos en 2014. Se incluyeron cuatro ciudades brasileñas, 19 escuelas, 68 cursos y sus respectivos maestros, y los procedimientos analíticos fueron el análisis factorial exploratorio, el análisis factorial confirmatorio, el análisis de invariancia longitudinal y el análisis de confiabilidad por coeficientes de precisión. Los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio mostraron un ajuste aceptable de cinco factores con 25 ítems, con una varianza total explicada del 60 % y un error residual medio de 0.02; el análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró un ajuste satisfactorio del modelo (χ2 = 961, df = 265, RMSEA = .078, IC 95 % = .07-.08, y CFI = 0.9); y se identificó la invariancia configuracional, métrica y escalar de la estructura latente, la cual, junto con la amplitud de variación de los coeficientes de precisión entre las dimensiones del instrumento (α = .78, .92; ω = .76, .92), da cuenta de evidencias de validez y confiabilidad que permiten utilizar la escala en la evaluación del Programa Elos en las escuelas brasileñas.

Intervenção baseada em um protocolo de terapia cognitivo comportamental: um relato de experiência com crianças no ambiente escolar / Intervention based on a protocol of cognitive behavioral therapy: an account of experience with children in the school environment

O presente artigo tem como objetivo relatar a experiência resultante da aplicação do protocolo preventivo da Terapia de Regulação Infantil (TRI-P) que baseia-se nos princípios da Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC). A TRI-P é uma intervenção grupal e consiste em doze encontros semanais que tem por objetivo prevenir problemas de comportamento, que são consideradas fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento saúde mental em crianças. Participaram 17 crianças, de 7 a 9 anos matriculadas no turno integral de uma escola particular do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Considerando o conjunto de dados qualitativos obtidos constatou-se que o trabalho em grupo oportunizou o fortalecimento de habilidades adquiridas durante a intervenção. Além disso, percebe-se que esta proposta de intervenção pode ser um diferencial no que diz respeito ao trabalho de prevenção e promoção de saúde dos alunos, evidenciando a importância do cuidado com saúde mental no ambiente escolar.

This article aims to report a protocol for the prevention of Terapia de Regulação Infantil (TRI-P) that is based on the principles of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The TRI-P is an interventional gear and is used in encounters that aim to prevent behavioral problems, which are risk variables for mental development. Participants were 17 children, 7 and 9 years enrolled in the full shift of a private school in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul. The qualitative data set was found that the group work provided the strengthening of a series acquired during an intervention. In addition, it can be seen that this proposal of action can be a differential in what concerns the work of prevention and health promotion of the students, evidencing the importance of care with mental health in the school environment.

Emotional and behavioral problems: a school-based study in southern Brazil / Problemas emocionais e comportamentais: um estudo de base escolar no sul do Brasil

Abstract Introduction Mental health assessment in childhood needs to be carried out within a broader context that includes different factors. Objective To assess the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in schoolchildren and associated factors. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted with a school-based sample at 20 schools selected by systematic random sampling. Participants consisted of children aged 7-8 year old and their parents or primary caregivers. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to screen for the presence of emotional and behavioral problems in children. Results A total of 596 dyads were evaluated. The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems was 30.0% among boys and 28.2% among girls. Hyperactivity/inattention were more prevalent among boys (p=0.015). Belonging to economically disadvantaged strata increased the likelihood of emotional and behavioral problems among schoolchildren by 71% (p=0.001), while having parents or caregivers with mental disorder increased by 2.2 times that probability (p<0.001). Conclusion: Our findings showed a high prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems among schoolchildren, as well as the influence of economic conditions and of the mental health of parents and caregivers on child mental health.

Resumo Introdução A avaliação da saúde mental na infância necessita ser realizada dentro de um contexto amplo que considere os diferentes fatores envolvidos. Objetivo Verificar a prevalência de problemas emocionais e comportamentais em escolares, bem como fatores associados. Método Estudo transversal, com amostra de base escolar em que foram selecionadas 20 escolas por amostragem aleatória sistemática. Participaram crianças com 7-8 anos e seus pais ou principais cuidadores. A presença de problemas emocionais e comportamentais nas crianças foi rastreada pelo Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Resultados Foram avaliadas 596 díades. A prevalência de problemas emocionais e comportamentais foi de 30,0% entre os meninos e 28,2% entre as meninas. Sintomas de hiperatividade/desatenção foram mais prevalentes entre meninos (p=0,015). Pertencer a camadas menos favorecidas economicamente aumentou em 71% a probabilidade de problemas emocionais e comportamentais entre os escolares (p=0,001), enquanto ter pais ou cuidadores com transtorno mental aumentou 2,2 vezes tal probabilidade (p<0,001). Conclusões: Nossos achados demonstram a elevada prevalência de problemas emocionais e comportamentais entre escolares, bem como a influência das condições econômicas e da saúde mental de pais e cuidadores sobre a saúde mental infantil.

Sintomas depressivos, autorregulação emocional e suporte familiar: um estudo com crianças e adolescentes / Depressive symptoms, emotional self-regulation and family support: a study with children and adolescents / Síntomas depresivos, autorregulación emocional y suporte familiar: un estudio con ninõs y adolescentes

A depressão infantil acarreta prejuízos em diferentes contextos da vida, tanto das crianças quanto de seus familiares. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos para uma amostra de escolares e buscar a relação entre descritores de depressão, autorregulação emocional e percepção do suporte familiar. Como objetivos secundários, buscou-se diferenças entre sexo e idade. Participaram 546 crianças e adolescentes, sendo a maioria (n=276; 50,5%) meninos, com idades entre 8 a 18 anos (M=12,65; DP=1,84). Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala Baptista de Depressão Infantil, Bateria de Indicadores de Depressão Infantojuvenil, Escala de Autorregulação Emocional e Inventário de Percepção de Suporte Familiar. Os resultados indicaram prevalência de sintomatologia leve (4,8%), moderada (20,3%) e severa (15%). A depressão mostrou-se associada a dificuldades de autorregulação emocional e percepção do suporte familiar. Conclui-se que o entendimento acerca da expressão da sintomatologia depressiva pode contribuir para diagnóstico e intervenção precoces.

Child depression leads to losses in different contexts of life, for both children and their families. The aim of the study was to verify the prevalence of depressive symptoms for a sample of schoolchildren and to search for the relationship between descriptors of depression, emotional self-regulation and perception of family support. As secondary objectives, we sought differences between sex and age. There were 546 children and adolescents, the majority (n = 276, 50.5%) boys, aged 8 to 18 years (M = 12.65, SD = 1.84). The instruments used were the Baptist Scale for Child Depression, the Battery for Children's Depression Indicators, the Emotional Self-Regulation Scale, and the Family Support Perception Inventory. The results indicated a prevalence of mild (4.8%), moderate (20.3%) and severe (15%) symptomatology. Depression was associated with difficulties of emotional self-regulation and perception of family support. It is concluded that the understanding of the expression of depressive symptomatology can contribute to early diagnosis and intervention.

La depresión infantil acarrea perjuicios en diferentes contextos de la vida, tanto de los niños y de sus familiares. El objetivo del estudio fue verificar la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos para una muestra de escolares y buscar la relación entre descriptores de depresión, autorregulación emocional y percepción del soporte familiar. Como objetivos secundarios, se buscaron diferencias entre sexo y edad. En el caso de los niños y adolescentes, la mayoría (n = 276, 50,5%), con edades entre 8 a 18 años (M = 12,65, DP = 1,84). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Escala Baptista de Depresión Infantil, Batería de Indicadores de Depresión Infantojuvenil, Escala de Autorregulación Emocional e Inventario de Percepción de Soporte Familiar. Los resultados indicaron prevalencia de sintomatología leve (4,8%), moderada (20,3%) y severa (15%). La depresión se asoció a dificultades de autorregulación emocional y percepción del soporte familiar. Se concluye que el entendimiento acerca de la expresión de la sintomatología depresiva puede contribuir para el diagnóstico e intervención temprana.

Evaluación de síntomas ansiosos y etnicidad en población escolar de la comuna de San Pedro de Atacama / Assessment of anxiety symptoms and ethnicity in students from the San Pedro de Atacama district

La comuna San Pedro de Atacama (SPA) tiene alta población rural y étnica, grupos vulnerables, según la literatura, a problemas de salud mental. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la prevalencia de síntomas ansiosos en escolares e investigar sus diferencias respecto de variables étnicas, de edad y género. Para ello se utilizó la escala de auto reporte de ansiedad para niños y adolescentes (AANA). La muestra quedó constituida por 416 alumnos, de ellos se analizaron 335 escalas, cuya media de edad fue de 10 años. Un 60,3 por ciento obtuvo sobre el punto de corte para sospecha de trastorno de ansiedad. El género femenino tenía mayor sintomatología ansiosa, junto con el grupo etario de 7 a 11 años. No existió diferencias significativas para la variable étnica. Respecto a las subescalas, la distribución etaria de la fobia social fue diferente a lo reportado en la literatura, lo que podría derivar del contexto sociocultural, necesario de investigaren futuros trabajos.

The San Pedro de Atacama (SPA) district has an important number of rural and ethnic population, which according to the literature, is more vulnerable to mental health problems. The aim of this research is to determine the prevalence of anxiety symptoms in school age children and to study its differences in relation to ethnicity, age and gender. The AANA (self report anxiety scale for children and adolescents) was applied in a sample of 416 students, from which 335 questionnaires were analyzed (mean age: 10 years). A 60.3 percent of the students were above the cut point for suspicion of an anxiety disorder. Females had a higher number of symptoms of anxiety, as did the group with ages 7 to 11 years. There were no statistically significant differences for ethnicity. In the subscales, the age distribution for social phobia was found to be different from the one previously reported; this could be explained by the sociocultural context, which remains to be studied in future research.

Prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems among primary school children in Karachi, Pakistan - Multi informant survey.

Objective. To determine emotional and behaviourable problem among school going children in Pakistan. Methods. A cross sectional survey of school children of certain towns within Karachi metropolitan area, aged 5 to 11 years during 1st half of 2006. SDQ was filled out by parents and school teachers for the same children. Demographic data of parents, teachers and children were also collected using a separate performa. Results. 7 private and 8 community schools agreed to participate. 1488 consent forms were sent to 700 parents of private school and 788 parents of community school children. A total of 675 parents agreed to participate in the study. The response rate was 45.3%. Assessment of children’s mental health was conducted using Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Parents rated 34.4% of children as falling under the “abnormal category on SDQ, slightly higher estimates 35.8% were reported by the teacher. The findings suggest a striking difference between the informants’ ratings as well as gender wise difference in prevalence of common child mental health problems. Conclusion. In the present study prevalence of child mental health problems was higher than reported in studies from other countries. There was also a gender difference in prevalence; boys had higher estimates of behavior/externalizing problems, whereas emotional problems were more common amongst females. There is a need for developing programs to train, sensitise and mobilize teachers and parents regarding child’s psychological, emotional and behavioral problems.

Parenting Experiences of Parents of Children with ADHD: Approaching the Normal / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of parenting from the parents of children with ADHD and to develop a grounded theory about their experiences. METHOD: This study was a qualitative research study that used a grounded theory to understand and discuss the parenting experiences of parents of children with ADHD in a greater depth. Grounded data was collected through an in-depth interview from twelve participants with ADHD children. The data was analyzed using the grounded theory method. RESULTS: "Approaching the normal" emerged as the core phenomenone. Parenting experiences for parents of children with ADHD referred to a process of bringing the children, back on track of normal growth development, and their functioning in the family at a normal level and establishing a new normalcy. The process of approaching the normal involved a basic social-psychological process, such as 'living a day in hell', 'accepting', 'confronting the conflicts', 'lowering expectations', and 'making a new normalcy'. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of this study, which observed the parenting process of parents of children with ADHD, could enhance nurses' understanding of ADHD and help nurses become major mental health service providers for the mental health of children with ADHD and their families.

A clinical study of child mental health inpatient care.

Objectives To explore whether admissions to a child mental health inpatient unit in a tertiary care paediatric hospital were justified and estimate whether inpatient unit provided a beneficial service to patients and their families. Method A retrospective analysis of 191 consecutive admissions to unit over 15 months. Relevant information was obtained from clinical case notes recorded and maintained during hospital stay. Additional data was obtained from standardized assessment schedules used for validation of diagnoses and neuropsychological assessment carried out during admission. Results Ages ranged from 2-12 years. Most patients were referred by paediatricians. Medically unexplained somatic symptoms and disruptive behaviour were the most prevalent presenting features. Multidisciplinary approach to care and objectively supported assessment and intervention strategies were beneficial in over 80% of patients. Average duration of hospitalisation was 6.4 days. None dropped out of treatment. There was a 12% readmission rate and an 18.4% unsatisfactory rating for outcome.